Physician and Technology journal

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Ivo Hrazdira, DrSc.; Zuzana Hlinomazová
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Acoustic artifacts occur in all ultrasound diagnostic modalities. It is usual to distinguish: technique – and operator’s artifacts and artifacts due to interactions of ultrasound with tissues. Reverberations (repeated reflections) appear as bright lines equally spaced due to repeated reflections. Reverberations are highly angle dependent. Numerous artifacts are result of incorrect setting of the TGC (time gain compensation), the power output and the received echo amplification. Interactions of ultrasound with different tissue structures result in another group of artifacts. Different absorption resulting in enhancement or weakening of reflectivity, shadowing, velocity displacement and mirror artifacts have to be taken into consideration during image interpretation. For assessment of parenchymal organs speckled images are of great importance. Special attentions deserve artifacts appearing during eye examination, especially after implantation of artificial lens. Artifacts are not limited to B-mode images. They are also frequent in Doppler examinations due to incorrect setting of angle, gate, pulse repetition frequency, gain or filter. Some artifacts can be minimised by the operator’s experience based on the understanding the imaging mechanism. Only good knowledge of the biophysical principles of their origin can help to avoid incorrect diagnostic conclusions.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Milan Štork, CSc.; dr. Jiří Jílek
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The article describes an experimental system which noninvasively determines blood pressure, cardiac output, total peripheral resistance, and systemic arterial compliance. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures are determined by the oscillometric method from a wrist cuff. Radial artery waveforms are analyzed to obtain stroke volume. Stroke volume is adjusted for a body area and the adjusted value is used to compute cardiac output. Total peripheral resistance and systemic arterial compliance are computed from arterial pressures, cardiac output and stroke volume. The computed blood pressure determinants are displayed on the computer screen in a "quadrant" graphic format. Examples of test results are presented and clinical applications of the system are discussed.

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Melánia Babincová, CSc.; Veronika Altanerová; Čestmír Altaner; Pavol Čičmanec; Martina Michaličková; Kristína Schronerová; Oliver Štrbák; Doc. RNDr. Peter Babinec, CSc.
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For the purposes of cancer hyperthemia we have evaluated heating capabilities of commercially available magnetic nanoparticles MAG D-1411. In the first part there are shown theoretical foundations of the method and results of experiments where nanoparticles were exposed to an alternating magnetic field with frequency 3.5 MHz and induction 1.5 mT produced in three turn pancake coil. In an in vivo experiments rats with injected MAG D-1411 nanoparticles were also exposed to radiofrequency field. Optimal increase of temperature of the tumour to the 44 oC was achieved after 10 minutes of exposure. Obtained results showed that magnetic nanoparticles MAG D-1411 may be easily heated in vitro as well as in vivo, and may be therefore useful for hyperthermic therapy of cancer.

Autors: Ing. Jaromír Cmíral, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Daniel Orel; Doc. Ing. Jiří Rozman, CSc.
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A contemporary medical practice often uses ultrasound medical devices for diagnostics. Several scientific studies published in the last years showed that when applying a diagnostic ultrasound system on animals it is possible to create negative changes in tissues. Despite stated limits and limiting factors there is a qualified suspect that ultrasound waves could cause a local tissue heating during ultrasound investigation in pregnancy. The knowledge of risk level during ultrasound exposure is an important point for the assessment of marginal exposure values of simulated medical investigations in the first trimester. The contribution presents a modelling of tissue heating in human embryos at the developmental age of 7 and 8 weeks. Presented models of embryonic tissue heating offer a simulation of limiting ultrasound exposure cases and comparative studies.

Autors: Lucia Zemanová; Kristína Šušmáková; Doc. RNDr. Melánia Babincová, CSc.; Doc. RNDr. Peter Babinec, CSc.
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Nonlinear analysis techniques distinguished from classic linear analysis by ability to visualize the signal dynamics in multidimensional space. In this paper the nonlinear method \"Visual recurrence analysis\" is described. This method allows visualization of more complex signals and also evaluates nonlinear parameters which characterize the signal dynamics. There are shown the examples of its applications on physiological processes like heart rate dynamics during meditation, the dependence of heart rate on the human age and the human gait dynamics.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Christian Kollmann, Ph.D.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. David Korpas; Jan Hálek
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The principle of the device is based on generally known experience related to a possibility of pulse wave palpation on the arteries. The novelty of this method is in the manner in which the pulse wave is taken off. On each artery or venous section affected by a pulse wave, three coherent phenomena can be observed: blood flow (flowing pulse), the increase of blood pressure (pressure pulse) and extension of transverse profile (profile or volume pulse). Our method is based on the use of these volume changes. This method scans directly the volume changes caused in the artery by the pulse wave. The volume changes are transformed to pressure changes. These pressure changes are transmitted to the positive input of a very sensitive differential pressure transmitter. BHV Sensors Prague manufactured the model BHV 5355, which is used for our device. An air tonometer with the piston and measuring scale is attached to its negative input. The differential pressure transmitter converts the pressure differences to electrical voltage. The piston allows a precise control of a static pressure for the differential pressure transmitter and therefore the balancing and adjusting of the correct pressure to the pulse point. Thus there are two independent tanks. One is \\\"liquid\\\" with a measurement probe, stop-tap and water reservoir. This is connected to the positive input of a differential pressure transmitter. The other one is \\\"air\\\" with the tonometer and the piston, connected to the negative input of the differential pressure transmitter. This system of two independent tanks increases the sensitivity of the measuring process. This method allows applying arbitrary static pressure to the pulse point, and consequently to the artery. The output voltage signal from the pressure transmitter ranges from -10 V to +10 V depending on the pressure differences. This signal is transmitted to the measure card, which is directly connected to the PCMCIA port of the computer. Then it is recorded and analyzed in frequency and time domain with the LabView program packet.

Autors: Stanislav Slosarčík; Martin Mražík; Prof. Ing. Jozef Živčák, PhD.; Juraj Banský; Miroslav Dovica
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The article is oriented towards the analysis of piezoresistive effects in thick-film resistors on LTCC stripes, the analysis of membranes based on LTCC for applications in the area of pressure sensors. The dependence between output voltage and pressure for different diameters and thickness of membranes was evaluated. Based on the findings,a new type of a pressure sensor was developed for specific application in medicine.

Autors: Mgr. Petr Tiefenbach; Ing. Marek Penhaker, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: RNDr. Jan Krásenský; Kamila Řasová; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Eva Havrdová; Marcela Zálišová
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Our paper describes in detail the methodology of the work with brain activity changes that were collected with the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging. This technique was used to demonstrate the progress in the rehabilitation of chronic MS patients. The results in the control group of healthy volunteers were compared with two groups of MS patients, one of them performed the exercise, the other did not. The functional adaptation in CNS after the neurorehabilitation caused changes in the brain systemic organisation that were monitored with the help of the functional magnetic resonance. The changes we found in our MS patients after the neurorehabilitation are supposed to be due to the plasticity of CNS. Full effective use of the CNS plasticity in the neurorehabilitation needs further clinical studies.

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Ing. Stanislav Ďoubal, CSc.; Petr Klemera; Miluše Procházková
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The dynamics of the deformation response of the body surface depends on mechanical properties of the skin and subcutaneous structures. The determination of visco-elastic parameters of the skin may be a prospective tool of diagnostics in dermatology as well as a potential source of information in the biological age assessment in gerontology. From the practical point of view, the analysis of a deformation response of the skin (and its changes) can be useful for the assessment and control of effects of cosmetics. The analysis of the dynamics of a deformation response of the skin, the structure of a rheological model and its typical parameters are presented in the paper. The transient deformation response consists of two distinct exponential components. The time constant of a \"rapid\" exponential curve is typically of order 10 ms, while the time constant of a \"slow\" exponential curve is of order 0.1 to 1s. The corresponding model involves a serial-parallel combination of two Hook’s and two Newton’s bodies. The time constant of the slow exponential curve increases significantly with age. The increase is mainly connected with the decrease of the value of the parameter of a corresponding Hook\'s body. The demonstration of the application of the suggested methodology is further presented in the paper. An \"antiaging\" cosmetic cream containing antioxidants and liposomes was used for the demonstration. The time constant of the slow exponential curve decreases significantly after its application. Nevertheless, the decrease was connected with the decrease of the parameter of a corresponding Newton’s body. Consequently, the effect of the cream does not lie in reversing the aging of skin.

Autors: Ing. Vojtěch Svátek, Dr.; Ing. Marek Růžička
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The challenging task of converting a medical guideline document into a formal, computable representation can be alleviated by the explicit decomposition of the process into several steps. The methodology and software tool rely on XML and transformation rules. A medical expert involved can thus concentrate on inherently hard problems. The detailed text mark-up is particularly helpful in the development of applications that require guideline knowledge to be kept away from subjective interpretations; an example of such an application is a posterior analysis of treatment compliance with formalised guidelines. The step-by-step process is carried out from purely syntactic mark-up, through coarse-grained semantic mark-up, fine-grained semantic mark-up and systematically re-ordered XML knowledge base, to a functional prototype implementation, which can be generated partly automatically. The approach is being tested on guidelines from the domain of cardiology.

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. MUDr. Radim Brdička, DrSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Mgr. Jiří Semecký; Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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The most of the Czech software systems developed for acquiring and storing data about patients use free text computerised patient records. However, the structured form of data supports automatic processing, e.g. statistical evaluation or decision support. The goal of this work was to analyse free text medical reports in order to find information that could be stored and in this way semantically marked as structured data. We used 120 anonymised free text medical reports on cardiac patients from two Czech hospitals. For constructing knowledge base the proposal of a minimal data model for cardiology, developed in the EuroMISE Centre – Cardio, was used.

Autors: Ing. Jaromír Cmíral, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Petr Mikeš
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This article is oriented on the area of computer processing of x-ray mammograms. Our deal of processing is to classify objects present in a mammogram, which have some diagnostic value. Next to find such classificatory criteria, which enable to determine single valued relation to a malignant disorder. However, 2D projection gives only partial information, therefore it is necessary to be interested in distribution of introspected objects in a three-dimensional co-ordinate system. We design 3D information reconstruction out of two projections given from classical mammography investigation.

Autors: MUDr. Jan P. Naidr; Marie Hladíková; Pavel Kasal; Theodor Adla
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A group of 38 students went through a distant course of medical informatics. The course consisted of 10 lessons, each of them 2 hours long. Most of the topics were new to the students. At the beginning there were 2 lessons that served as an introduction; students received instructions needed for handling with the teaching software. Students performed next 8 lessons individually. The course was created in WebCT. Besides an electronic version of study materials, the students had also printed texts. Students used the course approximately 1.9 hours a week on average. Students accessed the course from the faculty computer room (33) and comparably often from other places (30), out of which the most frequent site was their home (21). Study results were measured as a sum of marks from tests and homework and a sum of time needed to complete the tests. On average, students reached 87.6 % of maximum of the sum of marks in tests and homework and used 58.9 % of time limit for answering the questions in the tests. After the course they had a chance to express their feelings about the course and also about distant learning itself. They found the lucidity and user-friendliness of WebCT beneficial. Sometimes during the course they preferred a printed version of the study materials to its electronic version and all of them used this form to prepare for the final examination. Students of the distant course appreciated especially the possibility to make their own study schedule, the access to the course from a distance and an option to go through the course at their own pace. Absence of a teacher was found as a negative feature by some of the students. 55.6 % of students would prefer a distant way of learning of other subjects, too. Success at the course, measured as a sum of marks obtained from the tests and homework, correlated significantly with the ability to comply with the schedule and with the ability to communicate in a written form. Success at the course, measured as a sum of time needed to finish a test, correlated significantly with the ability to communicate in a written form. We did not prove correlation between study results and other students’ attributes, technical background of the course, affinity to computers, nor the knowledge and personal abilities at the beginning of the course

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: MUDr. Jaroslav Dušek; Miroslav Dostálek; Ing. Jiří Hozman; Zdeněk Hromádka
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The eye movement and/or change of the dioptric power of crystalline lens elicited the shifts of 3D localization of the Purkinje Images (PI) of the stationary light source. Digital videorecording and consequent automatic detection of horizontal positions of the 1st, 3rd and 4th PIs and successive reconstruction of the PIs’ trajectory could be employed as a tool for a vergence-accommodation synkinesis investigation. The study describes the algorithm for an analysis of each frame from videometric sequences obtained during eye vergence and accommodation experiments. The first step of the horizontal PI’s position detection is the selection of a region of interest (ROI) and the summation of brightness values within all the pixels located above each others (in pixel columns of ROI). This vertical sum within pixel columns reduces significantly the noise distortion of PI of a low intensity. The summated brightness curve maximums, representing the horizontal positions of the PI centres , were localized by the mathematical process (two times application of general difference). The global maximum represents horizontal position of the 1st PI. The identification of the 3rd and 4th PI was performed only in parts of images where the occurrence of particular PI was expected. The local maximum within the area of the 4th PI occurrence was estimated as the equivalent of the horizontal position of this PI’s centre. The localization of the 3rd PI was determined similarly, but the thresholding operation was implemented because of a generally poor quality of the 3rd PI. The proposed algorithm is sufficiently simple and accurate for te employment of reproducible investigation of the convergence-accommodation synkinetic events.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.; Jiří Kozumplík; Jana Bardoňová; Marie Nováková; Zuzana Nováková
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The paper deals with the time-frequency analysis of ECG signals using the wavelet transform (WT). WT is applied to detect electrophysiological changes in a myocardial heart. Reasons of WT implementation are justified. WT is defined and possibilities of its representation are shown. An algorithm for detection of ECG signal components using a contour envelope is designed in the experimental part of the paper. Properties of WT are further documented on a method of detection of electrophysiological changes in myocardial ischemia. The electrical activity of isolated hearts (n=11) in the Langendorff experiment was recorded during artificially induced acute ischemia. Recordings were analysed using the measurement of shifts in the phase time-frequency spectra. The results show that under experimental conditions myocardial ischemia can be reliably detected within one minute after coronary artery occlusion.

Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.; Vladimír Zábrodský
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The necessary usage of high-pressure humidication of inspiratory gases appears during the introduction of unconventional artificial lung ventilatory techniques into the clinical practice. These techniques involve high-frequency ventilation (HFV), tracheal gas insufflation (TGI), intratracheal pulmonary ventilation (ITPV), etc. The functionality and principle of high-pressure humidifiers must be based on the solution of thermodynamic processes. The most important thermodynamic process is the adiabatic expansion that changes significantly properties of the inspiratory gas and that is common in all the unconventional regimens mentioned above. The study deals with the solution of thermodynamic processes during unconventional artificial lung ventilation. The results of the theoretical analysis are used for design of a high-pressure humidifier suitable for the clinical practice.

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Jan H. van Bemmel
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Autors: Dr. Eike-Henner W. Kluge, Professor
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Autors: Prof. T. G. Anishchenko; O. V. Glushkovskaya-Semyachkina
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The aim of this study was to research the gender-related particularities in cardiovascular responses to atropine (0.2 mg/100g iv) and acetylcholine (0.3 mg/100g iv) in normal and stressed (60 min immobilization) rats using the heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and a new measure of complexity of blood pressure (BP) dynamics – normalized entropy (E/H), where E is Shannon entropy and H is system energy. The results showed that cardiovascular sensitivity in normal and stressed rats to parasympathetic blockade and activation was greater in females vs. males when studied using HR, MAP and E/H. In contrast to HR and MAP, E/H increased in one part of rats and decreased in another part in all experiments. The dramatical short-lasting bradicardic and hypotensive response to acetylcholine was accompanied by dramatical short-lasting E/H decrease in most animals. The changes in the complexity of BP dynamics were always more pronounced and prolonged than those in HR and MAP. The higher sensitivity of E/H in comparison with linear cardiovascular measure allow one to conclude that cardiovascular responses to stress and pharmacological agents being sexually differentiated are more variable than those detected by conventional measures. So, normalized entropy analyses of BP complexity is a potential tool for study of physiological and pathological responses under challenging conditions.

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: MUDr. Miloš Suchý
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Performance measurement systems (PMS’s) were imported into health care from other branches of the government during the past two decades. The main impulse for their use and development is the effort to measure the relationship between costs and quality of health care. PMS’s are composed of complex standardized methods that provide systematic description of the measured environment, collection and storage of accessible data in the data centres and calculation of standardized performance indicators. These key performance indicators (KPI’s) are maintained in centres of reference and serve as mutual comparisons of providers via benchmarking and also for different analytical purposes in health care. Information technology (IT) is necessary for successful implementation of such complicated systems. IT is used for systematized data collection, data mining, presentation and interpretation. IT will determine the next development of the PMS’s, mainly by the development of long-distance communication (Internet) between distant participants in the healthcare system. Furthermore, the article deals with the relationship of the PMS and the financing of health care. The ability to measure and evaluate the costs per case, quality of the individual case and other characteristics is an important tool for correct design and adjustment of the fee for case payment.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.; Prof. Jiří Jan
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Autors: MUDr. Miroslav Seiner
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Quality of health care processes can be supported by data \"mined\" from data storage in a hospital information system (HIS). To receive reliable and valuable data, the way of implementation of a hospital information system became more and more important. The author of the paper summarizes his experience with implementation and support of hospital information systems in Czech hospitals. The main factors of successful implementation and next taking advantage from data stored in a hospital information system are top management support, iterative procedure of HIS implementation, process approach, continuous measurement of HIS development. In the end of the article the author applies some theoretical principles of process management in real examples of diagnostic-therapeutic processes supported by HIS.

Autors: Ing. Ladislav Doležal, CSc.
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Autors: MUDr. Marek Potysz
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The article analyses benefits of introduction of a hospital information system (HIS) in a private hospital Nemocnice Podlesí. There are presented reasons why this system was put in use and advantages that it offers. The main HIS profits are: more effective reporting to health insurance companies, better negotiation with health insurance companies, easier and quicker data processing that contributes to decrease of total costs, non-stop access of hospital personnel to patients` data. It also offers highly sophisticated possibilities of data processing, which could be additionally applied for statistic purposes in a wide range. HIS allows to study trends of treatment results or gather information about groups of diagnostics, complications, capital intensity, etc. The usefulness of HIS introduction depends not only on appropriate data instalment but also on the ability of data processing and their transformation into useful information.

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Eva Ocelíková, CSc.
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This article deals with the problem of multicriterial classification of the health status. It presents one of the statistical classification methods, which identifies seriousness of the health status and assigns it into one of risk classes. It describes experience and results obtained during the classification of data sets mapping health status (cardiovascular diseases and hepatitis affection).

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Dr. Reihold Haux; Elske Ammenwerth; Werner Herzog; Petra Knaup
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Our society is increasingly influenced by modern information and communication technology (ICT). Health care has profited greatly by this development. How could health care provision look in the near future, in ten years, or more precisely, in the year 2013? What measures must be undertaken by political and self-governing health institutions, and by medical informatics research, to ensure an efficient, medically advanced and yet affordable future health care system? Three factors will greatly influence the further development of information processing in health care within the near future: the development of the population, medical advances, and advances in informatics. These factors have motivated us to set up 30 theses for health care provision in the year 2013. The theses cover areas of health care, such as its people, its information systems, and its ICT tools. Three major goals requiring achievement have been identified: patient-centered recording and use of medical data for cooperative care, process-integrated decision support through current medical knowledge, comprehensive use of patient data for research and health care reporting. In consequence, political institutions should provide a framework for networked, patient-centered health care. They are called on to regulate the storage and exchange of health care data and of appropriate information system architectures. Finally, the health care institutions themselves must emphasize professional information management more strongly. Relevant research topics in medical informatics are: comprehensive electronic patient records, modern health information system architectures, architectures for medical knowledge centers, specific data processing methods (“medical data mining“), and multi-functional, mobile ICT tools.

Autors: Ing. Marie Šebestová
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To lead and operate an organisation successfully, it is necessary to direct and control it in a systematic and transparent manner. Success can result from implementing and maintaining a management system that is designed to continually improve performance while addressing the needs of all interested parties. Managing an organisation encompasses quality management amongst other management disciplines. The article is an explanation of the requirements of the Standard ISO 9001:2000 specifying requirements for quality management systems with orientation for health care. The standard comprises in 4 chapters process principles for strategic management, resource management, service realisation and measurement, analysis and improvement. Eight quality management principles have been identified. They can be used by top management in order to lead the organisation towards improved performance.

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Tonko Mardešić; V. Sobotka
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The paper is focused on the description of practical experience with quality system management according to ISO 9001:2000. One year system performance has brought some results from continuous evaluation. Evaluated data, storage and evaluation method are a part of the quality management system. Every evaluation is done by virtue of planned objectives of healthcare institutions.

Autors: MUDr. Libor Straka, Ph.D.
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In the article there are described principles of using existing data in hospital information systems for evaluation of performance and cost-effectiveness of healthcare services. Healthcare is going to be real added value industry. For this aim evaluation of cost-effectiveness together with quality assessment is necessary. Principles of quality evaluation as well as goals of health care institutions depends on involved subjects (patients, owners, employees..). Performance and quality measurement is a very complex problem. It is nowadays in focus of interest of special national and international institutions, universities and also commercial companies. Development of healthcare quality is connected with development of information technologies. Even though there are not enough coded and classified data in present hospital information systems, some indicators or trends useful for quality and cost-effectiveness can be calculated.

Autors: Mgr. Petra Přečková
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Autors: Doc. RNDr. Jiřina Škorpíková, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Petr Berka, CSc.
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The paper shows basic data mining tasks applied to a medical domain. The data mining process according to the CRISP-DM methodology is illustrated on the example of data concerning patients with hypertension.

Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.; Vladimír Zábrodský; Jiří Krejzl
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The article deals with methods of mathematical modelling of the respiratory system for optimisation and control of high frequency artificial ventilation. The ventilatory frequency during high frequency ventilation can achieve 60 Hz. Behaviour of the respiratory system at these high frequencies is very different and not all models of the respiratory system suitable for conventional ventilation can be used. The procedure of the model design is described. Ventilatory experiments and the anatomic structure of the respiratory system were employed during the design. The model consists of electroacoustic analogy of the airways represented as an acoustic wave-guide and of the model of the lung with lung compliance as its most significant parameter. Then, the method of model identification is described, based on the iterative change of the model parameters so that the model could describe the relationship between the proximal airway pressure and airflow measured at the airway opening. The application of the model as a part of the unique measuring and monitoring system for high frequency ventilation for clinical use is depicted.

Autors: Ing. Andrea Styková; Jaroslav Majerník; Prof. Ing. Dušan Šimšík, Ph.D.
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The paper describes the design of the experimental measuring device for biomedical application. The device can be used for diagnostics goals and for therapy in the rehabilitation process, too. Main modules of the device are – the manipulator of the human arm, the splint with fastening elements, the electrical drive, the torque transducer, the computer control system, and the safety subsystem. The manipulator enables passive or active movement of the arm in the elbow joint. Parameters of movement can be adjusted for different kinds of kinematic methods – isotonic, isokinetic. Safety multilevel features of the device are described in connection with conditions for arm manipulation.

Autors: MUDr. Jiří Růžička, Ph.D.; Marek Nalos; Ivan Novák; Richard Rokyta; Martin Matějovič; Aleš Kroužecký; Aleš Klein
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This study describes a development of a user programmable, universal measuring system. In a real application the measuring system is used for measurement of static lung mechanics by the innovated so-called hold technique. Other patient's data are collected as well. The measuring system is built in the IBM PC compatible standard and equipped withspecialized other hardware. Software is the custom-made user's programmable system with the capability of parallel measuring procedures running.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Július Csontó, CSc.; Prof. Ing. Linus Michaeli, CSc.
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Autors: Mgr. Hynek Pikhart, PhD.
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Autors: Doc. MUDr. Miroslav Heřman
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors:
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Autors: Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Vilikus, CSc.; Jarmila Fišerová
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The authors have developed a software (SW) application for spirometric examination, which enables interactive and reproducible assessment of the respiratory system in the spreadsheet MS EXCEL 2000. The system of regression transcendent equations suggested by Kryštúfek et al. (1987) was used as the basis for a simple physiological and mathematical model. The model was developed for the evaluation of functional abnormalities of respiratory system: obstructive ventilatory damage, restrictive ventilatory damage, pulmonary hyperinflation, resistency of airways, diffusion lung capacity and blood gases concentration. Due to transcendent equations, the SW model is applicable in a wide range population from 6 to 81 years of age. It is possible to make the model by means of the described method or to download it from the Internet address http://www.volny.cz/z.vilikus/ as a freeware.

Autors: MUDr. Jan P. Naidr; Marie Hladíková
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The article describes a group of students, who have studied in such conditions that have been near to electronic distance learning. Experimental teaching has proceeded on 6 topics including both topics partially known and brand new topics. After tests and practical tasks the acquired knowledge has been evaluated. In the time of 3 weeks after the last lesson, the final test including all topics has been performed. The results have been compared with a group of students, who had studied in the presence form. Evaluation of results indicates that the level of knowledge acquired in the electronic distance form is not worse than in the presence form. Both electronic and printed materials have mediated the teaching, and at the end of the experiment students have expressed in a questionnaire that both forms have been useful and complementary. Comparing the screen and page oriented electronic materials, two thirds of students prefer the screen-oriented form. The expenses of Internet connection do not complicate the use of distance learning according to most of students.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Josef Hanuš, CSc.; Jiří Záhora
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The article describes the phantom simulating a soft tissue which enables to practise the most frequent ultrasound imaging methods (2D and Doppler imaging) by means of an arbitrary ultrasound imaging device. The phantom simulates a soft tissue with simple structure of vessels of different diameters which are flown by blood.

Autors: RNDr. Renáta Hegedušová; Anton Kohút
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There is briefly described the principle and possibility of using the flow cytometry while detecting the process of apoptosis in the cells in the article. There has been an attempt to describe the changes which occur on the surface of the plasmatic membrane. These changes are related to externalisation of hosphatidylserine and with signal pathways of apoptosis. Using the flow cytometry as a biochemical method while detecting the apoptic changes can be considered as useful in detection of the effect of different kinds of therapeutic manipulations in tumor diseases, neurodegenerative disorders and many other diseases.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Klára Čápová, Ph.D.; Prof. Ing. Ivo Čáp, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: RNDr. Vít Koksa, Ph.D.
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The advancing information technologies represent for medicine a nutritive substance, from which it is possible to obtain means for various facilitations and improvements in healthcare. In this sector, in the environment of computer networks and information systems, the communication standards are being created to suppress the spatial barriers between physicians, to increase exploitation and to decrease the loss of information occuring during its transfer between the systems, and also to eliminate part of the mechanic administrative work. This article takes a look at the HL7 standard. It presents primarily the content aspect of the seminar with lectures read by prominent representatives of HL7.

Autors: W. Edward Hammond, Ph.D.
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The paper deals with the organisation HL7 and with its activities including general view to the development of the standard. The paper explains why the standards are necessary and how HL7 meets these needs. In particular, it deals with bases of the standard HL7, i.e. the standard for exchanging of messages, segments, data fields, and data elements. There are described trigger events, data types, and syntax. The final part of the paper describes the Version 3 of the standard.

Autors: Kai U. Heitmann, M.D.
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Extensible Markup Language XML – the product of W3C – is not only the standard for Internet, but as the standard for documents and the format for the exchange of data it significantly influences also the development in the field of healthcare. The first XML standard developed within HL7 is the Clinical Document Architecture (CDA), which became the ANSI standard based on XML and designated for structured documents in healthcare.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Jozef Živčák, PhD.; Prof. Ing. Dušan Šimšík, Ph.D.; Ing. Alena Galajdová
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Michael J. Ackerman, Ph.D.
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The U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM) has long been a world leader in the archiving and distribution of the print-based images of biology and medicine. NLM has also been a pioneer in the use of computer systems to encode and distribute textual knowledge of the life sciences. NLM´s Long-Range Planning effort of 1985-86 foresaw a coming era where libraries of digital images, distributed over high-speed computer networks would complement NLM’s Bibliographic and factual database services. The NLM Planning Panel on Electronic Imaging recommended that NLM should undertake the building a digital image library consisting of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images, and cryosection images of a representative, carefully selected and prepared male and female cadaver – the “Visible Human Project®”. The male and female Visible Human data sets are now being made available through a license agreement with the NLM. The data sets are supporting a wide range of educational, diagnostic, treatment planning and commercial uses. The NLM, in partnership with other U. S. government research agencies has begun a three prong effort within the Visible Human Project to address: the creation of a new online, interactive, digital head-and-neck atlas; the development of a toolkit of computational programs capable of automatically performing many of the basic data handling functions required for using Visible Human data in applications (ITk); and the improved resolution of future Visible Human data sets through the reduction of the anatomical artifacts introduced by the methods used to stabilize and section the anatomical materials and the development of staining and wide-spectrum methods for increasing tissue contrast. Some of the results of these efforts will become available in 2002.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Jiří Rozman, CSc.; Ing. Daniel Orel
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For the evaluation of ultrasound probes of medical devices, the knowledge of a radiated beam is very important. The 3D diagrams can be determined by a special measuring equipment – an ultrasound measuring bath. Measured values should match with the theoretically assumed spatial distribution of an ultrasound field. The aim of this work is the description of the way how to model an ultrasound field of ideal transducers. The ultrasound intensity, strictly speaking the spatial distribution of an ultrasound intensity, was chosen as a describing field parameter because this parameter is possible to measure and subsequently compare the theoretical assumption to practical measured results. Certain simplifying was established in the model but it was proved that the simplifying does not cause a distortion in the resulting predicative ability of the model. The model was created in the program MATLAB, version 5.0, which is suitable for mathematical calculations and for imaging of results in a form of 3D projection.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Peter Kneppo, DrSc.
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Autors: Prof. MUDr. Ivo Hrazdira, DrSc.
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Non invasive blood flow velocity estimation by means of ultrasound Doppler systems provides valuable information about hemodynamic parameters in blood vessels. However, the properties of the vessel wall, such as its thickness, elasticity, atherosclerotic changes, may cause disturbed flow patterns, i.e. changes in the shape of the time velocity distribution over the cross-section of the vessel and local changes in velocity direction. The pulsatile changes in artery diameter have consequences for the shape of the instantaneous cross-sectional velocity distribution and, specially, for the velocity behaviour close to the wall. Parameters for quantitative assessment of hemodynamic pattern derived from spectral Doppler curves are listed and the influence of atheromatic changes of arterial wall on the dynamic of blood flow is estimated. In the process of atherosclerotic plaque formation two biophysical factors connected with the flow dynamics play an opposite role. The tensile stress is responsible for the wall thickening as well as for alterations leading to the accumulation of atherogenic substances. On the other hand the increased shear stress is considered as a protective factor against plaque formation.

Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.
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Autors: MUDr. Marie Tomečková, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Kristína Machová, CSc.; Janovský Ján
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The paper presents possibilities for creation and subsequent modification of a domain theory in the field of prenatal medicine. In the process of formation of the domain theory, knowledge was acquired directly from an expert using interview techniques and by inductive learning. Additionally, the system MEBL (Modification of Explanation Based Learning) is proposed. It modifies the domain theory, in order to adapt it to a user environment. The system performs the modification of the domain theory using reduction. Two kinds of reduction are presented: reduction in the horizontal and vertical directions.

Autors: Ing. Pavel Kváča, Ph.D.; Pro. Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Dickhaus; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Vilikus, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Radvanský, CSc.
Abstract:
The trend is the prominent visible feature in the structure of the exercise respiratory signal. The study of the testing group including 35 persons explains the trend removal effect on the time-frequency analysis of the exercise respiratory signal recorded breath-by-breath by means of the Continuous Wavelet Transform. The method of the first difference, method of the ratio and the trend removal methods applying the difference of the original signal and the smooth model created from the simple moving average or moving mean for some settings are tested. The best result on the exercise respiratory signal from the point of view of an exercise physiologist, compromise among broad frequency bands, the maximal displayed frequency and the maximal displayed signal energy, has been achieved by the method of the first difference. Although it has about 4.39% narrower frequency band than moving median with one adjacent value and about 3.32 % lower maximal displayed frequency than simple moving average with one adjacent value, however the amount of spectrum energy is about 68.4 % greater than the second best method.

Autors: MUDr. Michal Filip; Petr Veselský; Tomáš Zapletal; Martin Mikoláško; Petr Hrabovský; Ing. Jiří Válek
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Since 1997, our hospital has used the opportunities provided by the Internet connection with utilization of our own computer network for consulting of acute neurotraumatologic cases from the surrounding hospitals (text and image documentation). During three years (1997-1999) we had successful connection with two regional hospitals. The last year of the running (1999) we had problems with the transmission speed in this network . For increase of the speed we are building a private network based on ISDN lines, which serves only for medical documentation transmission. This solution provides better data protection and enables faster transmission of large data files (3-5 minutes) within the attraction zone of our neurosurgical clinic (population of 1,300,000) at any time during the day. We have already had the experience with this connection with nine regional hospitals for two years. This transmission method appears as the most efficient method for teleconsulting services between the region and the center. The ISDN network may be used for other telemedicine applications, as well. As soon as the system will be routinely used in other regions, it will be easy to extend it to other regions regardless to border of the country.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Jozef Živčák, PhD.; Teodoz Molčányi; Stanislav Slosarčík; Miroslav Kitka; Radovan Hudák
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The aim of the presented work has been to compare some intracompartmental tissue pressure measurement methods and following clinical experiments on patients with lower leg fractures shown on the needs of non-invasive and continuous monitoring of compartment syndrome manifestations. A relevant therapy follows on basis of mentioned monitoring and diagnosis.

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. MUDr. Ivo Hrazdira, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: RNDr. Marek Malý, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Milan Štork, CSc.
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The data measured during the spiroergometric examination in laboratories are used for modelling of patient’s physiologic parameters as a function of load. This model can be used for stress test parameter estimation under such conditions when only limited number of parameters is measured during the examination, e.g. only heart rate.

Autors: Ing. Jiří Klema
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This article presents and evaluates general possibilities of machine learning application aimed to predict a raw result of patient operation (dead – living, nearmiss + yes – no) on the basis of the patient anamnesis and his/her pre-operative state. It introduces briefly a task of predictive data mining as well as applied machine learning methods. At the same time it presents mortality prediction results when applied to Merged Czech National Cardiac Registry (MCZR) administered by MEDICON Center. The reached results are compared to results obtained by a Bayesian model implemented within a currently used informational system PATS (Patient Analysis and Tracking System).

Autors: Ing. Radek Hédl; Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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This paper describes a new approach to the analysis of cardiovascular dynamics based on investigation of relations between RR intervals and systolic blood pressure sequences by means of a linear feedback system. The described methodology explains currently used analysis by baroreflex sensitivity and makes it more general. The computational algorithm is given here as well as basic shapes of frequency responses of the analysed partial subsystems in healthy persons. The algorithm can be applied even for other variables describing characteristics of the cardiovascular system.

Autors: Mgr. Michaela Štivarová; Hadraba Ivan
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This article deals with the use of myoelectric prosthesis by patients who underwent amputations of upper extremities. The introduction describes the essential parts of the prosthesis structure, its individual components and functional capabilities. It describes the control principles in operating the myoelectric prosthesis. The next section compares three types of prostheses: myoelectric, body-powered and cosmetic. The comparison results in a proposal how to select an adequate prosthesis for a particular activity.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Petr Tiefenbach; Karel Vlček
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Jiří Rozman, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. RNDr. Ing. Stanislav Ďoubal, CSc.; Petr Klemera
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The mechanical properties of biological materials depend on age and health status of the organism. They may be potentially used as indicators of functional age or as diagnostic tools. Many biological materials exhibit both elastic and plastic (viscose) properties and cannot be simply categorized as solids or as liquids. The term visco-elastic materials or bodies is used for these substances. Skin, cell walls, numerous structures of internal organs, tendons, cartilages and many other materials belong to this category. The currently used methods of assessment of mechanical properties of biological materials are, as a rule, based on methods derived from the mechanics of solids or liquids. However, the theory of rheology provides a more adequate description of mechanical properties of visco-elastic bodies. The application of rheological approach is rare in biology and medicine. The reason lies in the limited availability of a convenient method of measurement of rheological characteristic of visco-elastic materials. The appliance for measurement of creep curves of biological materials was designed in our laboratory. The appliance enables the measurement of creep curves of biological materials in vivo as well as in vitro. Examples of application on measurement of mechanical properties of human skin in vivo and skin of rats in vitro are presented. The measurement of creep curves of non-biological materials is also possible, provided the visco-elastic parameters of these materials are of similar range. The appliance was tested in our laboratory and is currently used for measurement of changes of visco-elastic properties of human skin as a marker of biological age.

Autors: MUDr. Jakub Otáhal; Prof. Ing. Stanislav Otáhal, CSc.; Jaromír Volf; Ondřej Resl; Dr. Ing. Monika Chalupová; Petr Novák
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In this article authors introduce a new diagnostic equipment for the identification and analysis of the contact characteristics, by which it is possible to analyse distribution of the forces in the contact surfaces of various shapes during dynamic and static processes. The diagnostic equipment consists of the elastic sensing platform containing matrix (75x100) of sensors (3x3 mm), which changes its ohmical resistance by acting pressure. The equipment contains data interface as well, which converts and transfers data to the ordinary PC through the parallel port, where the measured data are saved and processed. The equipment is able to snap up to the frequency of 300 Hz. It fully substitutes and extends pedobarography, ordinary platform stabilometry and brings new possibilities for human movement system disorders studies and diagnostics. After a gentle adaptation the principle is applicable to measurements of detection of the catch and local pressures in orthesis, etc.

Autors: Jozef Marcin; Doc. RNDr. Eva Ocelíková, CSc.; Iveta Zolotová; Tomori Zoltán; Dana Klimešová
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This article deals with programs for digital image processing as ImageTool and NIH Image. These programs are freeware, they can be downloaded from the Internet. In this article plug-in modules for the ImageTool program are described, too. These modules have been developed in departments of the authors. They may be used in biomedicine for analyses of electrophoresis gel images, interactive image segmentation, visualization and reconstruction of objects in 3D environment.

Autors: Prof. Dr. Reihold Haux
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Radim Kolář
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Přibík V.: Electronic Health Care Documentation This article deals with an electronic health care documentation from the point of view of the actual situation in a health legislation in the Czech Republic. There is shown that many problems of a health documentation have to be solved by means of new laws of a health legislation and by new organisation rules for working with health information systems.

Autors: JUDr. Jiří Maštalka
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The law no. 101/2000 Coll. was passed with the aim to improve protection of basic human rights and liberties. The law was passed with the reference to European documents in this field. The law brings a number of new rights and duties concerning also health care.

Autors: Ing. Radek Papp
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This article is devoted to the health informatics perspective. The state of health informatics in the Czech Republic is described with main purposes of Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic. Cooperation in standardization of technologies, communication protocols etc. are conditions of development of health informatics. There are described main priorities of Ministry of Health, National health registers, telemedicine, an electronic health record and medical information systems.

Autors: MUDr. Miroslav Seiner
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There is a trend of ongoing progressive transfers from a paper health care record to various forms of an electronic health care record (EHCR). On the base of this trend there is a rapid development of technological means, which are necessary for this purpose. Other reasons are: removing legislative and psychological barriers and some obvious advantages of the EHCR, such as the better access to the information, the evaluation of saved data, the easier communication between health care institutions, and the integration of imaging. The article analyses some problems, which happen during the implementation process of an EHCR to the day-to-day practice, and requirements for patient data protection. The article shows possible solutions for resolving this problem and it divides it into several levels:
a) adequate solving of the question of user access rights in the application,
b) in the proper defining of security strategies in concrete health care institutions and
c) involvement of health care professions into a security strategies decision making process.

Autors: Jiří Hejl; Zdenek Jirkovec
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This article explains some terms of the Czech Digital Signature Law and the technology for verifying and making a signature and discusses the application of an electronic signature in a health care area.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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The paper deals with an electronic health record in the Czech Republic and other countries. The electronic health record covers both information concerned with physical and mental health and information related to a healthcare delivery from healthcare personnel or healthcare institutions. The diversity of sources and ways for utilization of data in the health record brings big problems in both traditional paper health records and electronic health records. However, the electronic health record offers the possibility to formalize a structure of the classical health record. It will bring advantages for more clear recording of healthcare procedures, unique identification of the author of each item in the record, immediate approach to data connected with nowadays healthcare and the ability to revise previous cases for a purpose of control, study, research or a healthcare management.

Autors: Prof. Dr. Christoph Zywietz
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During the past two to three decades, many medical devices have been equipped with micro and mini computers. Emphasis on development was to implement control functions, signal analysis algorithms and classification programs for decision support. Many other devices for image processing have also been developed and have a major impact on modern medicine. Today, the major challenge for system development is information integration. Standardization of structure and content of information as well as information integration provided by various devices and procedures is the key issue for further development in medical informatics. This presentation will deal with questions related to Integration and Communication for the Continuity of Cardiac Care.
First, a brief report will be given on the European multi center I4C Project.
Secondly, the Continuous Cardiac Care Reference mode will be discussed in more detail.
Thirdly, Concepts and Solutions for Data Acquisition and Communication developed during this European project will be described. In particular two different concepts, namely, application of an universal cardiac work station which accesses various legacy systems for data retrieval and composition of a temporary patient record versus a concept where different care providers may \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\"export\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\" the examination results to a web technology server and where specialized workstations are attached for submission and retrieval of patient information stored on the commonly used web server.
Finally, the development of a standard for Vital Signs Representation based on object oriented technology and the development of an associated data dictionary will be reported and discussed. Such a standard is a prerequisite for building an interchangeable electronic patient record.

Autors: Prof. Dr. Reihold Haux
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Zuzana Krajčušková
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Autors: Mgr. Jan Svatoš, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Zuzana Krajčušková
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Autors: MUDr. Oldřich Vyšata; Jan Hadač; Robert Rusina
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Specificity of a dipole analysis based on a one-layer perceptron was compared with results of the program FOCUS on eight patients with temporal epilepsy. The neural network was learned to project the scalp EEG to the cortex EEG on a data set of patients extraneous to the testing group. As input data served scalp EEG curves, while as output data served projected cortex EEG. With respect to the fact that in the program Focus the transformation of the scalp EEG to the cortex EEG is defined as a linear combination of the coefficients derived from the three-layered model of the head, those coefficients are weights of the one- -layer perceptron.The one-layer perceptron compared to the two-layer perceptron showed faster learning with a smaller error on output. The usage of the neural network compared to the creating of mathematical model of the head has the advantage of learning directly on data measured on the cortex and on the scalp.

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Zuzana Vitková, Ph.D.
Abstract:
An objective of the paper is to present two approaches to the quick and simple determination of the drug liberation process. The first one is based on geometric interpretation while another follows the philosophy of the least square method. Due to the simplicity both approaches can be used directly in a laboratory using only a ruler and a calculator, so that no software for a function approximation is needed. Usability of the methods is demonstrated on the choice of an optimal vehiculum of a topic base for the potential drug XX Z.

Autors: Prof. Dr. Reihold Haux
Abstract:
The International Medical Informatics Association (IMIA) agreed on international recommendations in health informatics/medical informatics education. These should help to establish courses, course tracks or even complete programs in this field, to further develop existing educational activities in the various nations and to support international initiatives concerning education in health and medical informatics (HMI), particularly international activities in educating HMI specialists and the sharing of courseware. The IMIA recommendation centre on educational needs for healthcare professionals to acquire knowledge and skills in information processing and information and communication technology. The educational needs are described as a three-dimensional framework. The dimensions are: 1) professionals in healthcare (physicians, nurses, HMI professionals, ...), 2) type of specialisation in health and medical informatics (IT users, HMI specialists) and 3) stage of career progression (bachelor, master, ...) Learning outcomes are defined in terms of knowledge and practical skills for healthcare professionals in their role (a) as IT user and (b) as HMI specialist. Recommendations are given for courses/course tracks in HMI as part of educational programs in medicine, nursing, healthcare management, dentristy, pharmacy, public health, health record administration, and informatics/computer science as well as for dedicated programs in HMI (with bachelor, master or doctor degree). To support education in HMI, IMIA offers to award a certificate for high quality HMI education and supports information exchange on programs and courses in HMI through a WWW server of its Working Group on Health and Medical Informatics Education (http://imia.org/wg1)

Autors: MUDr. Patrick Janicadis; Tomáš Velan; Jiří Kofránek
Abstract:
The paper summarizes current possibilities of biomedical education by using information technology. It is focused on CAL (computer assisted learning) systems, which generally enable an easier way to go through educational processes. It presents details on the advantage of WWW (World Wide Web) based CAL systems including multimedia, distribution via Internet as well as Intranet, independence on a computer platform etc. The example of WWW based CAL system of the Internet server of the Department of Pathophysiology is accessible via Internet at the address (http://patfyz.lf1.cuni.cz/12_16_84), which service is evaluated at this time. A near future of WWW based CAL systems is estimated.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:
Telemedicine is engaged in many important aspects of a new model that provides health care and it can play an important role in innovation of present medicine in utilization of new information and communication technologies. Telemedicine will become an important part of health care in the information society. Telemedicine can offer a lot of advantages in providing health care, reduction of health care expenses, in an easy access to health care services in formerly inaccessible or badly accessible regions. Telemedicine can also offer an easy cooperation among medical professionals and improvement in the quality of health care. Telemedicine belongs to rapidly developing technologies in health care and is directed from the experimental stage to the commercial and industrial reality.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Jaromír Cmíral, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Karel Roubík, Ph.D.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vlastimil Navrátil
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Autors: David Valerián; Ing. Pavel Růžička
Abstract:
This work shows the possibility of application of the Rapid Prototyping (RP) technologies in medical research and practice. The RP technologies play the considerable role not only in industry but also in biomedical engineering. Decrease of the product development cycle enables to produce cheaper models and functional prototypes in comparison with classical technologies. Rapid Prototyping together with software for processing of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MRI) images simplifies the process of individual implant manufacturing. It also helps to improve communication between engineers, doctors and patients. There is more detailed description of the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology that is used in the Laboratory of Biomechanics of Man at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the CTU in Prague. There are shown two biomedical applications – the model of the ceramic femoral component of the total knee prosthesis „WALTER DIAS MODULAR“ and the model of the first cervical vertebra based on CT data.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.; Ing. Milan Šorf
Abstract:
This paper deals with monitoring of human organism responses to the psychical load. Monitoring and the estimation are based on the measurement of selected physiological parameters with the focus on the response variability based on the personal characteristics of the respondents. The methods of artificial intelligence – the expert system and machine learning – were used to solve this problem. Obtained results were compared to the common methods typically used by clinicians. The artificial intelligence methods (machine learning, combination of the expert system with machine learning) were used to classify respondents by the measured physiological parameters and case history data.

Autors: MUDr. Tomáš Viták; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Věra Peterová; Manuela Vaněčková; Jan Daneš
Abstract:
MRI is a non-invasive diagnostic method used in practical medicine since the late seventies. At present time it is becoming more widespread and dominant technique in general medicine. The need for evaluation of the images becomes more urgent for increasing number of medical doctors. This assessment could be misleading in case a doctor is not familiar with basic artifacts connected with MR images. An artifact in diagnostic imaging is incorrect geometrical or anatomical interpretation of the reality. Apart from the basic principles of imaging we describe the physical principles of the most often encountered artifacts that we meet on MRI images. We mention the diagnostic significance that either causes the degradation of the image or contribute to the substrate diagnosis.

Autors: Vladimír Krajča; Ing. Aleš Černoušek; Jitka Mohylová; Miloš Matoušek
Abstract:
The present contribution concentrates on the application of Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for processing of electroencephalographic (EEG) records with epileptic discharges. The ICA method isolates the spike activity by decomposing of input EEG record into independent components. Some of them contain epileptic spikes. ICA detects the time delay of epileptic spikes between channels by separating epileptic spikes into two or more components. These properties of ICA were presented and verified on real EEG records with artificial spikes. The results of this contribution can be used for epileptic focus location, especially in the records with generalized seizures.

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.
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Autors: Ing. Zoltán Szabó
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Jiří Hozman
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Jiří Jan; Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.
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Autors: Doc. Ing. Milan Štork, CSc.
Abstract:
The TELECARD is an ergospirometric system that allows monitoring of some cardiorespiratory functions during physical activities in a laboratory as well as outside (sport medicine, rehabilitation etc.). The equipment is composed of a transmitter unit (carried by subject) which transmits measured data to the receiver in the real time. The receiver unit is connected to the personal computer (PC) using the serial line. The PC memorizes the information, shows it on a display and prints results.

Autors: Ing. Milan Šorf; Jana Hlávková; Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:
The article describes measurement of given physiological quantities during the psychical load and the evaluation of the measurement results. The evaluation has been performed by statistical methods: • Dispersion analysis during the simple sorting • Nonparametrical Kruskal-Wallis test • Bartlett test for dispersion homogeneity • Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test • Multiple logistic regression analysis Multiple logistic regression analysis has also been used for the respondent qualification.

Autors: Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.; Miroslav Indra
Abstract:
We are reporting on the role of the project of the national research computer network TEN-155 CZ in the framework of the European as well worldwide activities of this kind. Goals of the project are enumerated together with achievements already accomplished, which may be interesting from the point of view of users, including novel applications and increasing the capacity of the backbone Prague – Brno at 2.5 Gb/s.

Autors: MUDr. Michal Filip; Martin Mikuláško; Petr Sonnenschein; Jiří Vidlář; Tomáš Zapletal
Abstract:
Since 1997 our hospital has been improving the opportunities provided by the Internet connection with utilization of our own computer network for consulting acute neurotraumatologic cases from the surrounding hospitals (text and image documentation). We have been implementing this successfully for 3 years with two hospitals in our region. Our teaching hospital with its own connection to the Internet via fixed phone line forms a center of the system. The information is directed to the user PC to a workplace with a non-stop 24-hour operation. Based on the trial transmissions made from the region to FNsP during the year 1997, the time from sending out the documentation (a short written message + CT scans) to the answer to the regional hospital does not exceed 15–30 minutes

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Marián Mach, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Doc. RNDr. Milan Berka, CSc.
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the present, history and Internet perspectives in the connection with some communication and medical problems – as they were performed in a contribution of the author in the International Conference MEFA 1999. The mentioned pictures in the text finished unfortunately in 1997 because since then the central monitoring has not been made. The only exception is a picture of servers in Europe that was updated in April 2000. It is possible to claim that the mentioned trends are standard and well known. And it is possible to claim that these trends will stop their exponential growth in 2005 and they will become linear again.

Autors: Dr. Ing. Petr Hanáček
Abstract:
The article deals with the problematics of computerized medical data processing security. A realible and secure replacement of a manual signature with a digital one (or more generally an electronic signature) is one of important problems. The electronic signature can be used for identification and authentication of document creator. It can be also used for checking that the information was not modified after signing.A possibility of non-repudiation of document contents is the most important property of a digital signature.

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:
Personal data protection in health sector is an important part of the protection of human right and fundamental freedoms. State of personal data protection legislation in the Czech Republic is in context of European legal rules. Basic description and main principles of a new Czech Bill in this field.

Autors: Ing. Radek Papp
Abstract:
Complex medical information systems are finished in many hospitals in Czech republic and role of this information systems in medical data collection and health care is serious. Practical experience of medical information system protection in district hospital is described in the paper. The main attention is devoted to creation of crash plan as a summary of documents created to solve problems in medical information systems. Managing of access rights to medical documentation is an other important area, which is tightly connected with data protection.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
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Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
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Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
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Autors: Mgr. Nataša Raevová
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Autors: J. Vomela
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Autors: Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Zdeněk Zdráhal; Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Ing. Tomáš Zíka; RNDr. Antonín Říha, CSc.
Abstract:
Medical guidelines provide recommendations that ought to help physicians in their decisions concerning health care in specific situations. Some European projects have already started to study methods of medical guidelines computer representation making possible an application of algorithms for deriving conclusions from the knowledge contained in medical guidelines and from the patient data provided by a physician or contained in a clinical or a hospital information system. One of the tasks of the MGT project is to create an electronic representation of medical guidelines based on the OCML language. OCML is, first of all, a knowledge representation language but it has great computational power due to its join with the Common Lisp programming language. This text uses a complementary (procedural) approach to that of the paper by Svátek V., Kočka T. and Jiroušek R. (in this issue).

Autors: Ing. Vojtěch Svátek, Dr.; Tomáš Kočka; Prof. Radim Jiroušek, DrSc.
Abstract:
In order to be processed by computer, knowledge from medical guidelines has to be formalised. The first step toward such a formal representation consists in identification of fundamental concepts (classes) occurring in medical guidelines, as well as relationships among these concepts. The conceptual structure described in this paper further extends the set of guideline concepts by classes important for the prospective software application (such as "decision structure” or "patient record”). This approach is favourable for future application development.

Autors: Associate Prof. Ioana Moisil, Ph.Dr.; Crisu Mihai; Daniel Volovici
Abstract:
This paper is presenting the results of a comparative study of some of the most important HT management guidelines. The overall conclusion is that there are not significant differences in the way different medical communities are managing HT and that if an international standard has to be adopted, it has to be based on the World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. A subsidiary conclusion is concerning the need of a new approach for clinical guidelines and protocols, in order to obtain the maximum from the possessed knowledge in the context of economical restrictions and quality demands. For this, sharable models for guideline representation and execution in telematics applications that encapsulates the latest results of knowledge engineering, data mining and uncertainty modeling may be an answer.

Autors: Arie Hasman; Paul Adriannus de Clercq
Abstract:
In this contribution the role of knowledge-based systems with respect to electronic patient records is discussed. It is concluded that giving feedback to physicians or nurses when they do not conform to guidelines is the best approach. A strategy is explained how feedback systems can be developed using a suite of programs: starting with the definition of an ontology, continuing with a knowledge base editor that makes use of the ontology and then ending with a performance system that makes use of the knowledge entered in the knowledge base. In this contribution two examples of feedback systems are presented.

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Hana Rosolová, CSc.
Abstract:
Clinical practice guidelines are recommendations for clinical practice. Guidelines have to summarize the latest knowledge and experience of some medical problem. The main purposes of the clinical practice guidelines are to improve the quality of care for patients and the clinical effectiveness. Clinical practice guidelines should reflect the evidence-based medicine, i.e. results from the large randomized clinical trials and/or consensus of the specialists in that field of medicine. Clinical practice guidelines have to be exact, concise and readily accessible. Each of clinical practice guidelines has usually three forms – large full version, short version, which could be completed by easy scheme, and laic version for patients. Clinical practice guidelines dissemination and implementation should be done by professional team; this team should monitor any barriers of dissemination and implementation, those may require specific interventions. It is necessary to evaluate effectiveness of guidelines in clinical practice because without any feedback are clinical practice guidelines considered as a big nonsense.

Autors: MUDr. Otto Mayer, CSc.
Abstract:
The potential for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in Europe was measured in a survey of 9 European countries. Consecutively 4866 patients (age <70 years, 6 month – 2 years after an acute coronary event or revascularisation) were identified and 3569 were interviewed. The smoking prevalence in CR was similar as in Europe, even as hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. Higher prevalence of hypertension and obesity was observed in CR in comparison with other European countries.

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Jan Šimon, DrSc.
Abstract:
Cardiovascular diseases produce a great socioeconomic burden, not only for the health of the population, but also for the whole economy. During last 10 years we observed an improvement of the risk profile of middle aged population, leading to the decrease of total and coronary mortality. This favorable trend will be consequently followed by an increase of chronic disabling conditions, leading to physical and psychical incapacity, requiring long-term care. We may thus expected a constant increase of cost, spent on health and social care.

Autors: MUDr. Hana Grünfeldová
Abstract:
The paper deals with the retrospective analysis of 409 patients hospitalised in the Intensive Care Unit between 1993 and 1998 diagnosed with acute MI in the Internal Department of Čáslav hospital which serves about 40,000 regional habitants. From both the observations of general trends of MI occurrence and the analysis of cardiovascular risk factors of the hospitalised patients the final analysis of pharmacotherapy was made. Firstly, from the acute phase, where the patients being cured of trombolysa (CTL) were monitored and secondly, the chronic medication administered on entering and leaving the hospital recorded. This data were compiled between the years 1993 and 1998.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Stanislav Otáhal, CSc.; Dr. Ing. Monika Chalupová
Abstract:

Autors: MUDr. Libor Straka, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Aleš Drastich, CSc.
Abstract:
X-ray computed tomography was introduced in the mid 1970s, and significant improvements have been made in performance over the past 25 years. For the first 10 years or so, development work focused on achieving higher resolution in the axial plane and faster scanning. Then, around the end of the 1980s, Helical Scan permit continuous volume scanning was developed. New clinical applications using real time image reconstruction have also been developed. CT fluorographic guidance for biopsy procedures is one example. In 1998, a super-high-speed CT scanner was introduced; it permits 0.5-s rotation and expands the range of applications to include the cardiovascular systém. Efforts are being made to develop a new type of CT system that can scan volumes over a large range within a short time with thin slice images. The combination of helical scanning with multi-slice CT-involving several detector arrays stacked in the z direction (lengthways axis of the patient) - is one of the most promising approaches. The pursuit of faster scanning and higher resolution in volume scanning made possible by helical CT, and have been engaged in development of high-speed 3D scanner in which the detectors are extended in the longitudinal direction to create a (larger-area detectors to permit the acquisition of 3D images over a wide longitudinal range in a single rotation) 2D detector array. Multislice CT is considered to be the first step in realisation of such a high-speed scanner.

Autors: Ing. Milan Šorf; Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:
The influence of a psychical load on psychosomatic quantities (heart beat frequency, blood pressure, electromyographic potentials, skin resistance) are described. The psychologic load is represented by two tests. The first one is intended for determination of verbal, perception a numerical logic level, 3D space imagination, and technical and analytical abilities (test 1). The second one is presented by the so-called sevens-test (test 2), which has an influence on the attention and memory functions during the time of stress.
The classification was performed:
a) using the psychological questionnaires,
b) using the measurements results.
Logistic regression analysis, expert system, machine learning and the combination of an expert systém and machine learning were used for the measurement results evaluation. This is an introductory the article, the individual methods will be explained in details in the following article.

Autors: Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.; Miroslav Indra
Abstract:
Introductory part of this paper deals with history of Internet. It confirms the significant role of academic communities in development and early exploitation of computer networks. This approach, i.e. participation of research and faculties in development and rational applications of new computer nets is applied worldwide now. New high performance computer networks under development in USA like vBNS, Internet2, New Generation Internet are mentioned as examples. Networks TEN-34 and its upgrade TEN-155 are described in role of a European representative. Networks TEN-34 CZ and TEN-155 CZ, i.e. Czech parts of the above European computer networks are mentioned in conclusion.

Autors: Mgr. Jiřina Jirásková
Abstract:

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Jiří Holčík, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Lenka Lhotská, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: ; Vladimír Krajča; Svojmil Petránek; Jitka Mohylová
Abstract:
Extraction of the meaningful brain activity information from measured signals distorted by various artifacts is a practical problem in electroencephalography (EEG). Eye movements, muscle activity and mechanical and electrical displacements in the measuring apparatus represent typical artefacts. Several methods were developed for removing these artifacts. Two of them - Independent Component Analysis (ICA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are discussed in this paper. Both ICA and PCA are useful in signal description, optimal feature extraction, and data compression. We would like to show that ICA and PCA could as well effectively separate and remove contamination from a wide variety of artifactual sources in EEG records. Results obtained using ICA with those from PCA are compared.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Aleš Drastich, CSc.
Abstract:
X-ray computed tomography was introduced in the mid 1970s, and significant improvements have been made in performance over the past 25 years. For the first 10 years or so, development work focused on achieving higher resolution in the axial plane and faster scanning. Then, around the end of the 1980s, Helical Scan permitting continuous volume scanning was developed. New clinical applications using real time image reconstructions have also been developed-among these CT fluorographic guidance for biopsy procedures. In 1998, a super-high-speed CT scanner was introduced, permitting 0.5-s rotation and expanding the range of applications to include the cardiovascular system. Efforts are being made to develop a new type of CT system being able to scan volumes over a large range within a short time with thin slice images. The combination of helical scanning with multi-slice CT involving several detector arrays stacked in the z direction (length-ways axis of the patient) is one of the most promissing approaches. The pursuit of faster scanning and higher resolution in volume scanning made possible by helical CT, and have been engaged in development of high-speed 3D scanner in which the detectors are extended in the longitudinal direction to create a (larger-area detectors to permit the acquisition of 3D images over a wide longitudinal range in a single rotation) 2D detector array. Multislice CT is considered to be the first step in realisation of such a high-speed scanner.

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Ing. Stanislav Ďoubal, CSc.
Abstract:
Mechanical properties of many biological materials correspond to the properties of so called visco-elastic body. These materials can not be categorized simply as solids or as liquids. Skin, cell walls, numerous structures of internal organs and many other biological materials belong to this category. The mechanical properties of biological materials depend on age and health status of organism. They may be potentially used as indicators of functional age or as diagnostic tools.
The methodology of description and quantification of mechanical properties of visco-elastic materials follows from rheology. The primary source of information on mechanical behavior are rheological characteristics, usually creep curves. According to the analysis of creep curves, rheological models of biological materials may be developed. We believe that cybernetic methods may significantly improve the currently used methodology of identification and parameters estimation of rheological models.
The methodology of identification of differential equations corresponding to experimentally obtained creep curves is presented in the paper. Further, the method of estimation of structure and parameters of rheological models of biological materials is presented. The methodology is based on cybernetics and system theory.

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:

Autors: ---
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: RNDr. Jiří Janáček, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Karel Maršálek; Alexander Gundel; Doc. Ing. Jiří Rozman, CSc.
Abstract:
During visual scoring of polysomnographies it can be observed that K-complexes are associated with an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and sometimes in tonic EMG. Averaging of cardiovascular parameters related in time to the occurrence of K-complexes provides physiologically meaningful results. It shows, that those changes in physiological parameters are time locked to the K-complexes.

Autors: ; Ing. Pavel Kváča, Ph.D.
Abstract:
Exercise activity within the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity is used in a very wide spectrum of population; it can be used not only in top athletes or in healthy sedentary persons but also in the patients suffering from either cardiovascular or various other diseases. The authors developed a new method of AT assessment from common spiroergometric parameters and transformed the method to a software application within the spreadsheet Excel 97. The method provides fully reproducible results which are independent on subjective factor.

Autors: Ing. Tomáš Tichý, CSc.; Martin Vačkář; Stanislav Sedlák; Martin Topol; Jiří Skřivan; J. Betka; Martin Světlík; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.; MUDr. Tomáš Viták
Abstract:
The decision to proceed with surgery in Cochlear implantation candidates is mainly based on the results of several examinations. These are listed in the paper.
The promontory testing as performed in our department, magnetic resonance imaging of the cochlea, and a special database for easy storing and processing of pre-operative data are described in more detail.
Attention is also paid to the future use of magnetic resonance imaging as a standard diagnostic method with cochlear implant and auditory brainstem implant users.

Autors: MUDr. Jan P. Naidr; Pavel Kasal; Marie Hladíková; Jitka Feberová
Abstract:
A complex tool for medical informatics practical training is presented. Following topics are carried out: operating system MS-DOS and MS Windows 95, text processing, spreadsheet processing, relation databases basic terms, presentation materials processing, Internet and e-mail, basic statistics, tools for formalisation and decision making, basic biosignal and picture processing, the use of bibliographic database and medical information system. All topics are practised using medical field examples.
There are text manuals available as a stand-alone application in a window equipped with simple control elements for every topic. The program for the described topic runs in a separate window. All other programs, except the operating system MS Windows 95 and MS Office Professional, are freely available. The program is bilingual and it is possible to select between the English and Czech version. The tool contains also printed materials for students and a teacher and a set of tests.

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Ing. Stanislav Ďoubal, CSc.; Petr Klemera
Abstract:
The process of assessment of a balanced intake of nutrition is based on the search for harmony between the individual requirements and real food consumption. This procedure is complicated mainly doe to the extensive number of factors, which should be taken into account. Both, the specialists in nutrition science and the laymen, are often left to partial calculations and empirically based estimations. The full and complex solution of these problems is not practically feasible unless the computer equipped with adequate software is applied. Based on this consideration, the software tool for automatic calculation of the nutritional content of food, calculation of individual requirements and necessary comparisons, was developed in our laboratory. The program includes basic database with information on nutritional content of basic components of food as well as information on nutritional content of customary dishes. The procedure of calculation of individual nutritional requirements and the procedure of comparisons of the requirements with the real consumption are also parts of the program. The examination and modification of the applied formulas, databases and procedures for specialists on the field of nutritional science is possible. The development of the individual databases of nutritional content of foods and dishes is also possible.

Autors: MUDr. Lucie Himmlová; doc. MUDr. Taťjana Dostálová, DrSc.; Miroslav Jelínek
Abstract:
Pulsed laser deposition technique allows to "tailor" bioceramic coat for metal implants by the change of deposition conditions; each attribute is influenced by several deposition parameters and each parameter changes several various properties. Many parameters have opposite function and improvement of one property is followed by deterioration of other attribute. Our study monitors the influence of each single deposition parameter and evaluates its importance from the point of view of complex of optimal mechanical properties of bioceramic coat. Factors as metal post temperature, ambient composition and pressure of component, energy density and target - substrate distance were observed. Bioceramic coat properties were characterized by common methods for thin solid films analysis - scratch test, XRD, PIXE, RBS, SEM, Knoop microhardness and by optical observations. Deposition conditions influenced not only mechanical properties and so it is necessary to probe the influence of these factors on biological properties.

Autors: Tomáš Půža; Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:
A model of heart rate dependence on physical load is introduced in the simulation study. Following a brief physiological introduction the model is described by the block diagram and the simulation results for four groups of people (with average physical condition, athlets, patients with ischemie heart disease, after atropin administration) are introduced. Model parameters are in an appendix. The model is a part of an integrated educational simulation system using the MATLAB - SIMULINK environment. This system is used for teching the subject biocybernetics on the Department of cybernetics of the FEE CTU Prague.

Autors: Ing. Daniel Kardoš
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Ivo Provazník, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Martin Čapek, Ph.D.; Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.
Abstract:
We present a short survey of image/volume registration techniques. Registration represents determination of coefficients of geometrical transformation between two images/volumes in order to get corresponding objects into the same position, orientation and scale. In biomedicine this is actual when one compares object(s) during a time period (e.g. tumour treatment observation) or by the use of different sensors (e.g. different modality data fusion). Also, registration is a prerequisite for 3D reconstruction and visualisation of objects from serial optical slices captured by a microscope, etc.

Autors: RNDr. Jan Krásenský; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.
Abstract:
The article shows our non-commercial software we developed for the needs of our magnetic resonance (MR) unit. We are able to identify any pixel in all possible imaging planes (transversal coronal and sagital planes are the most often used). In this way it helps to identify precise localization of normal and pathological structures of the brain. We demonstrate our program on an example of hemifacial spasm where the underlying course is conflict of the facial nerve in its exit root zone and a branch of an artery present in its vicinity in the posterior fossa of the brain.

Autors: MUDr. Michal Otáhal; Miroslav Tichý
Abstract:
A possibility of recording EMG spontaneous activity of pelvic floor muscles by superficial electromyography is described in this paper. EMG signals from levator ani and coccygeus muscles were recorded before and after postisometric relaxation in a group of patients suffering from sacrococcygeal syndrome. We make a proposal of special glove with superficial EMG electrodes. Some examples of EMG records are presented.

Autors: Tomáš Půža; Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:
After a brief physiological introduction a skeletal muscle isometric contraction linear model using nmechanical analogy is described in the simulation study. The model consists of blocks; the first of them generating force, represents contractile apparatus and the next ones model plastic and elastic muscle qualities on the basis of springs and viscous friction elements. Model validity is limited only on muscle activity working point environment. The simulation results are presented by graphs characterizing calcium ions in the muscle concentration course, force generated by muscle course and comparison of this force courses during various periods of exciting signal. The simulation is performed in the MATLAB - SIMULINK environment making the bases of the educational simulation system used by teaching the subject Biocybernetics on the Department of Cybernetics of the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague.

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Ivo Hrazdira, DrSc.; V. Maryšková
Abstract:
Human organism represents a source of thermal energy, changes of which have been very long time exploited for diagnostic purposes. Main part of this energy is irradiated from the body surface in the form of infrared radiation. Thermovision is a contactless thermographic method that - using detection of infrared radiation - visualises by means of television technology the temperature distribution on the surface under examination. Originally very large indication area of thermography became actually much smaller as a consequence of the development of new imaging methods. In the present time thermovision is considered a complementary diagnostic tool in pathological states characterised by differences in temperature.

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.; Miroslav Indra
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:
Telematics is a combination of medical informatics and telecommunication technology. It enables distant consultation and distant data transport. Transmission of medical images and biological signals is the most important approach in medicine but transport of information is also useful. Knowledge of engineering technology has not been able to substitute medical expert up to now. Telematics enables optimal use of expert knowledge. Telematics is perhaps the most important technology within informatics and perhaps within the whole medicine.

Autors: MUDr. Petr Kocna, CSc.
Abstract:
The paper deals with the application of telemedicine to gastroenterology and endoscopy. As an example we used a presentation of unusual, atypical cases on the Internet described by gastroenterology Center of 4th Internal Medicine Clinic of the General Teaching Hospital and 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Prague. Electronic documentation of the Clinical information system with GastroBase-II module including on-line image processing of endoscopy, X-Ray and ultrasound images was used as the main source for WWW pages.The paper is complemented by Internet resources and URL addresses.

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Roman Prymula, CSc.; Mary Paterson
Abstract:
Teleconferencing is a new powerful educational tool. Experience with a two-year project of teleconferences between USA and Czech Republic is described. Minimal technical equipment and well-trained staff are necessary for successful transmission. A mobile satellite appliance, which enables connection of one center in Czech Republic with one or more partners with similar equipment abroad, is used in the Project. On-line interactivity and cost-saving are the main advantages of teleconferencing in comparison to classical international conferences. Time delay, time shift among single centers and too high costs for links hiring have belonged to disadvantages up to now. Regarding to the high cost priorities should be set for which purposes the use of teleconferences seems to be optimal.

Autors: Ing. Ondřej Soudek
Abstract:
The article deals with ATM network solution of telemedicine services in Sweden. It briefly describes current stage of ATM system and possibilities of access to provided services.

Autors: Ing. Květa Pitterová
Abstract:
The Article deals with evaluation method of scientific works by the means of Citation Indices and the Impact factor which, are produced by Institute for Scientific Information of Philadelphia. It criticizes criteria of the usage of Impact factor and the way of scientific proffessionals evaluation

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Nataša Raevová
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Miroslav Heřman
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Miroslav Heřman
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors:
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Petr Vysoký, CSc.
Abstract:
Direct remote patient monitoring is discussed in submitted paper. Advantages of the patient monitoring using the internet are introduced. Attention is focussed on the intelligent monitoring and intelligent alarm, which utilises fuzzy automaton. Described aproach provides quick and comprehensible data interpretation and early and more sofisticated alarm in comparison with conventional approach.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Václav Žalud, CSc.
Abstract:
The development of the land mobile communication systems is reviewed and contemporary second generation cellular radiotelephones, cordless telephones and paging systems are shortly described. These second generation wireless technologies are optimized for particular applications and environments. Future third generation standard - European Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS), is described in more detail here. UMTS system will offer conventional services and extensive range of the quite new universal services, above all of the area of higher speed data transmission and multimedia applications.

Autors: Ing. Milan Hájek, DrSc.; J. Peregrin; Ing. Jiří Válek
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Bruno Rudinský, CSc.; Olga Stavrovská; Mária Moravčíková
Abstract:
The project "Telemedicine in neurosurgery" is focused on distant diagnostics of patients and on definition of the need of their transportation from nearby cooperating hospitals to the neurosurgical department Nové Zámky. In case that the CT examination was done in a domicile hospital, a picture is sent via Internet to Nové Zámky department for consultation; after its evaluation the final decision of transport is done. This method will accelerate decisive processes of the treatment and at the same time will prevent from useless transport. It will enable external specialists to give their opinion to CT pictures and other information about the patient. This method gives specialists the possibility to influence the therapy in an effective way which was not possible before.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Samo Ribarič
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Jiří Válek
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. RNDr. Katarína Kozlíková, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Jiří Rozman, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Milan Štork, CSc.
Abstract:
KARDIOSPIROX and KONSIL are hardware and software systems which enable to collect and store data during spiroergometric examinations and to evaluate of the results on the end of examination, including the data storage on personal computer. KARDIOSPIROX is based on a 8 bit microcontroller MOTOROLA, HC11 family. In the paper the way for measuring of specified physiological parameters and possibilities of implemented software are described.

Autors: RNDr. Lucie Kubínová, CSc.; RNDr. Jiří Janáček, Ph.D.
Abstract:
One of the main advantages of confocal microscopy, in comparison with the conventional optical microscopy, is the possibility to record series of digitized images of relatively thin optical sections within a thick specimen. It is shown how such series can be exploited in visualization and quantification of three-dimensional objects: Different types of reconstructions of objects that can be focussed through by a confocal microscope as well as the estimation of their geometrical characteristics by stereological methods are described. The stereological method using virtual fakir probes for volume and surface area estimation is presented in more detail.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Jan Svatoš, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Martin Halaj; Ing. Eva Kureková, CSc.; Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:
Physical and technological principles of the non-contact body surface temperature measurement are discussed. Possible using of new infrared pick-up elements is suggested. Basic facts and physical background are introduced to understand a non-contact temperature measurement in general as well as in clinical practice.

Autors: MUDr. Miroslav Křížek; Vladimír Senft; Jiří Motáň
Abstract:
A simple graphical method utilizing a polynom curve for screening evaluation of large amounts of data has been suggested. We used it successfully for rapid assessment of the dynamism of serum levels of some trace elements during hemodialysis. It helped us to evaluate the amount of those elements in the dialysis solution which is one of the important factors regarding their loss or retention in human body during hemodialysis.
This method was used for assessment of adequacy of copper and zinc in the dialysis solution in 87 patients on chronic hemodialysis. The results demonstrated that demanded serum levels of both elements were achieved in most of the patients at the end of hemodialysis – as an evidence for their adequate amount in the dialysis solution.
Serum zinc levels were significantly increased after hemodialysis using AN 69 membrane but not in cuprophane, diacetyl-cellulose or polysulphone membranes (when compared with pre-dialysis levels).
A well-arranged evaluation of numerous serum levels of trace elements and their dynamism gathered in patients during hemodialysis is one of the possibilities how to estimate the amount of these elements in the dialysis solution and its influence on their blood levels.

Autors: MUDr. Tomáš Viták; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; RNDr. Jan Krásenský; Jan Daneš; Věra Peterová
Abstract:
The article endeavours to make the reader familiar with contemporary trends towards reducing the scan time in magnetic resonance imaging. Since with increasing scan time not only costs of the examination but also patients discomfort and above all the probability of picture degradation due to motion artefacts increase, the issue of further reducing scan time duration is still a key problem for successful accomplishment of the given diagnostic investigation. It is quite apparent that many nowadays rutinely used investigations (for example imaging of the thorax or some angiographic techniques which require respiratory or cardiac synchronization and nearly all dynamic imaging methods) would not be possible without fast imaging techniques.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Jaromír Cmíral, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: RNDr. Jiří Janáček, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Miroslav Heřman
Abstract:

Autors: hk
Abstract:

Autors: M. Prát
Abstract:
Work dividing in research team is becoming more common in modern biological research today. Because of specialisation of concrete professions it is necessary to look for the right way for exact description of structure and behaviour of explored systems which is understandable not only to technically, but also to biologically oriented research workers. Object oriented approach, based on principles of the object oriented programming, can be a way suitable for description of biological systems for their computer modelling purposes.
The object oriented programming (OOP) presents relatively old, but very progressive way of programming. It is based on full use of system approach during description of data structures, when these structures contain methods working with them. Other important principles of the OOP are: encapsulation, hierarchy, abstraction, modularity. Exact description of structures and behaviour of real system is primar necessity during modelling of complicated structures, especially the biological ones. It is convenient to establish formal definition system, containing definitions of all notions signing structures and actions of real system and its abstract representation in arising model. Using all mentioned principles of the OOP it is possible to talk about object oriented approach during model suggestion, which contains description of hierarchy structure of all classes, list of all class instances, construction object model structure and occasionally process changing diagram.

Autors: P. Vašina; J. Šikula; M. Vašina; Prof. MUDr. Ivo Hrazdira, DrSc.; V. Mornstein; P. Grec
Abstract:
Ultrasound cavitation presents a risk factor in ultrasound diagnostics, importance of which increases with introduction of echo enhancing agents into medical practice. Till now, the physical detection of cavitation threshold was based on the evidence of subharmonic frequencies, arising during oscillation of cavitation bubbles. A new method of cavitation threshold detection based on the analysis of low frequency cavitation noise has been established for improvement of experimental conditions in ultra sound bioefect research. It has been demonstrated that the noise signal corresponds approximately to the condition of 1/f as a consequence of stochastic processes. The analysis of received signals in infrasound range, for which no disturbing influences in human body have been demonstrated, is the advantage of this method.

Autors: J. Pačes; Doc. MUDr. Roman Prymula, CSc.
Abstract:
The first part of the paper deals with a few years operation of the Centre of Satellite Television Broadcasting of Postgraduate Courses EuroTransMed within TEMPUS programme at the Military Medical Academy in Hradec Králové. Besides the importance of informing about new knowledge in medicine this broadcasting is also important for the teaching of special medical English terminology. In case of EuroTransMed broadcasting, it means a satellite television broadcasting giving viewers the possibility to take part in the phone discussion. The second part of the paper deals with a practical experience with satellite teleconferences. Within AIHA project (American International Health Alliance) and USAID (US Agency for International Development), our specialists from four centres (Prague, Hradec Králové, Jindřichův Hradec and Olomouc) communicate with special working places in the USA (e.g. the Medical Faculty Reno, the Medical Facility in Las Vegas etc) concerning the problem of medical management and other fields of medicine. The positive aspects of bilateral visual communication are highlighted.

Autors: Mgr. Jiřina Jirásková
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
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Autors: Pavel Rošický
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Autors: J. H.
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Autors: B. Řeháková
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: ---
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
Abstract:
Development of information technologies enables electronization of health cards of citizens with the broad influence on the public state management. Several European countries have been implementing health or social electronic cards or have been testing them in pilot projects. The Czech republic has opened the first pilot project in the regional district Litoměřice.

Autors: RNDr. Karel Neuwirt
Abstract:
Since 1996 an experimental application focused on electronic health cards has been running in Litoměřice. The experiment is supported by the European Commission project of the program Phare. The aim of the project is to verify the use of chip cards in health care.

Autors: J. Ochozka
Abstract:
The intention to use a technical tool - electronic card - in health care has arisen in different European countries with different aims and objectives. Important European projects dealing with electronic cards are described in the paper.

Autors: T. Trpišovský; J. Ochozka
Abstract:
The first phase of the pilot project for implementation of chip cards to health care have been running with the program Phare support in 1996-1998. The results of the first phase of the project are summarized and the aims of the second phase are introduced in the paper. This phase, running during the years 1998-1999, will involve more electronic cards holders as well as increased number of health institutions.

Autors: P. Šťastná
Abstract:
The paper summarizes the first practical experience with testing of electronic health card in a hospital in frame of the pilot project "Mácha". The overall evaluation of electronic health cards implementation is positive from the point of view both patients and health institutions in the regional district Litoměřice.

Autors: L. Kutílek
Abstract:
In France the first experiments with chip cards in health insurance sphere have been dated since 1986. The paper summarizes information on objectives of the program SESAM-VITALE covering this topic.

Autors: Mgr. Jiřina Jirásková
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Autors: Mgr. Nataša Raevová
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Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
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Autors: D. Rossa
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Nataša Raevová
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Autors: Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.; MUDr. Tomáš Viták
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Radim Jiroušek, DrSc.
Abstract:
Uncertain knowledge processing is one of the most important applications of artificial intelligence. Bayesian network technology, taking advantage of for several centuries developed results of probability theory, enables processing of multidimensional probability distributions whose dimensionality equals hundreds or even thousands. Therefore, this technology can be applied to real-life problems whose complexity goes beyond capability of most other approaches for uncertain knowledge processing.It cannot be said that this relatively new discipline has already solved all its theoretical and practical problems. Most of still open problems are connected with construction of Bayesian network models for practical applications. Nevertheless, recently published applications suggest that Bayesian network will become one of the most powerful tool of artificial intelligence for uncertain knowledge processing. Therefore, we can assume that in near future we shall meet Bayesian network in medical applications as this field is one of those where deterministic knowledge is exception.

Autors: Ing. Milan Šorf; J. Jeřábek
Abstract:
The expert system FELMOT is diagnostic expert system. It is used to find out defect vestibular organ.
There are eight diagnosticated defects.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Doc. RNDr. Karel Zvára, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: O. Štěpánková; A. Hetmerová; J. Kraus
Abstract:
The paper describes a user friendly implementation [2,4,3] of the ID3 algorithm [10,11] generating a decision tree from a batch of classified training examples. The constructed decision tree is able to "copy" a classification process implicitly present in the set of the training examples - thus it provides a tool for classification of any example which was not seen, yet. The described program helps to identify the structure in large amounts of data. It is implemented in Pascal and it offers many procedures supporting experiments with the generated decision tree, e.g. its pruning and use for classification of new examples. Moreover, the program can generate learning curves as an estimation of predictive quality of the created decision tree.
The program has been tested on medical data, refering to Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potencials (BAEPs). The final two sections describe  methodology leading to generation of several decision trees from the training examples representing the BAEP data collected during the years 1993-1995 in the Motol Faculty Hospital. The resulting  trees allow to distinguish between normal and pathological findings in human patients aged 2-15 years. The comparison between the diagnosis specified by an experienced neurologist and that one offered by the decision tree generated by our program exhibits agreement in 90% of new cases, approximately.
The present system is designed  and checked for classification of the BAEP values, but it seems to be appropriate for a broader field of evoked potential evaluation. It is hoped that the suggested approach can be extended in order to cover  various constituents of the electrophysiological diagnostics.

Autors: J. Vocel; J. Musil; F. Maršík
Abstract:
The basic rheological parameters of synovial fluids - shear stress and first normal stress difference were measured as a function of shear rate. In addition, the concentration of hyaluronic acid as a main component of synovial fluid was measured. Pathological synovial fluids were investigated (n = 120 samples) from various joint diseases, i.e. inflammatory (n = 60), degenerative (n = 46) and posttraumatic effusions (n = 14). The regression method between the consistency of fluid and the behaviur index according to the Ostwald de Waele law was assessed, because the dynamic viscosity as a function of the concentration of hyaluronic acid in synovial fluid significantly differs according to its etiology. The comparison between measurements on several commercial rheometers was made. The results obtained appear of importance in rheumatology diagnosis, as well as for a broader area of biomechanics and physiatry.

Autors: K. Urbánek; P. Krč; V. Lokoč
Abstract:
The paper deals with the computer programme Léky/PozList aimed at the support of hospital drug policy and activities of the hospital drug committee. Basic programme functions involve formation, distribution and updating of hospital formulary. The programme can also be used for the assessment of drug utilisation in hospital departments, processing data supplied by the hospital pharmacy information system according to the international ATC classification and registering drug utilisation expressed both in package amounts and financial costs as well as in defined daily doses. Programme outputs allows to apply the obtained data in departments and hospital management and in the drug utilisation research. Computer-issued prescription can also be realised using the programme representing an effective tool in providing necessary information for the application of the hospital drug policy under the conditions of non-existing hospital information system.

Autors: I. Kramosil; Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Martin Šámal, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: P. Bakoss; Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Jiří Hozman; Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: MUDr. Tomáš Viták; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; RNDr. Jan Krásenský; Jan Daneš; Věra Peterová
Abstract:
This article is devoted to the goal of mere elucidation of basic principles of magnetic transfer imaging. The usefulness of adding magnetization transfer as another form of contrast weighting to the routine spectrum of T1, T2, PDW weighting, either with or without application of paramagnetic contrast agent is well established in  imaging and diagnosing of the vast majority of pathological states among which the most common ones are  demyelinating and expansive lesions in the CNS. Magnetization transfer is also used with advantage in magnetic resonance angiography and in imaging of the cartilage and of its pathological changes.

Autors: M. Novák
Abstract:
Holter counters incorporated into modern dual chamber cardiac pacemakers substantially enhance their diagnostic capabilities: based on the transistor RAM, they refine the arrhythmias diagnostics, inform a physician of  cardiac rhythm behaviour in long-term run, assess the implanted pacing system and make possible to reveal some of its malfunctions. System performance counters, sensor-indicated rate counters as well as time-based system performance counters express their information by means of telemetry as tables, graphs, histograms and symbols. Unlike the ambulatory Holter ECG, they are void of baseline noise and artifacts and are able to collect data for several-year time period.
In our group of 20 pacemaker bearers the information retrieval provided us with data on sinus node chronotropy and on the incidence of tachyarrhythmias, high-degree AV block and atrial undersensing. On the contrary, the counters were able to discern neither the particular type of tachyarrhythmia nor to differentiate between the effective  and ineffective pacing pulses. The diagnostic capabilities markedly refined and shortened the programming procedure and the follow-up making them more efficient.

Autors: Ing. Marek Růžička; M. Emmerová; J. Cendelín; M. Hadravský; Z. Rušavý; S. Lacigová; V. Burza; V. Resl; J. Tomanová
Abstract:
This paper presents different methods of tissue hypoxia measurement as a quantifier of the tissue damage, namely the transcutaneous measurement of tissue partial oxygen pressure (TcpO₂). This method is here analysed, the major sources of variability decreasing the measurement significance are presented. A new method of dynamic monitoring of TcpO₂ values is proposed as a tissue response on the increased oxygen delivery. TcpO₂ in normal health tissue follows well the increased oxygen delivery. On contrary, this relation is expressed with delay in the ischaemic tissue. This facts will be used in future data evaluation.

Autors: J. J.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Jaromír Cmíral, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Peter Kneppo, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: J. Dvořáček
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: MUDr. Tomáš Viták; Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.
Abstract:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRA) means a revolution in morphological imaging of vessels. Without need for contrast media administration and risk of allergic reaction, new perspective field has been opened. It`s progress depends on technical development. Two techniques dominate the field: "Time of Flight" (TOF) technique was the theme of previous article and "Phase contrast" (PC) technique. Physical principals of PC technique and the formation of angiographic image is the topic of this second article from the series contributing to the theme of MRA. The article is enriched with practical notes of the authors, their own experience and images that had been made on Philips Gyroscan NT 15 (1,5 T).

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Martin Šámal, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Ivan Krekule, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Petr Ivanusyk; Juraj Antal; Tibor Sabo; Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:
The principle of nonstandard, consistent, knee-joint mechanism to perform a continuous, reversible and precise defined three-dimensional motion is presented in detail. Its functional structure is arranged like physiological human knee-joint and so it is available for application not only in clinical prosthethics but in robotics as well.

Autors: Ing. Karel Antoš; Bruno Ježek; Ambrož Homola; Petr Felkel; RNDr. Lucie Kubínová, CSc.
Abstract:
The article deals with the possibilities of processing medical data using the program Analyze. The program Analyze represents a complex system for pre-processing and visualization of medical data in both 2D and 3D space. In 2D mode it represents image conversion filtering (including fast Fourier and Wavelet transformation), segmentation and operations with raster pictures. In 3D it allows users to reconstruct data from parallel raster slices obtained from CT and MR. The program also comprises tools for measurement and presentation of results.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Josef Svatoš, CSc.
Abstract:
Third part of the paper deals with biosignal analysis in time and frequency domain and with application of Hilbert transformation in biosignal processing.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.
Abstract:
The second part of article describes activity of othe institutions, working in standardization process in medical informatics. Activity and organizational structure of technical committeee for medical informatics CEN/TC251 is described in detail.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.; Ing. Milan Řehák
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Miroslav Heřman
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Jakub Vosáhlo
Abstract:

Autors: Ilias Iakovidis, Ph.D.
Abstract:
In this paper we attempt to provide a definition and purpose for the electronic patient record, point out the benefits of its use and outline the major challenges in wider implementation that are encountered world-wide. Finally, some trends are highlighted that are belived to play on important role inthe future development and use of electronic patient record

Autors: Ing. Vladimír Přibík, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: JUDr. Jitka Stolínová, CSc.
Abstract:
The paper deals with health documentation from the point of view of health legislation. Is is shown that many questions about health documentation have not been solved by heath legislation or that the solutions are not sufficient.

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:
The paper deals with an electronics transmission of health documentation using nowadays information technology. From the telematics point of view mainly perspectives of electronic patient record are discussed.

Autors: Dr. Ing. Petr Hanáček
Abstract:
The paper deals with the problematics of medical information systems security and the security of computerized medical data processing. Because this problematics is rather new and unknown, the article contains an overview of problematics with broader scope and does not contation technical details. The article contains non-technical aspects of information security, as well as technical aspects including some security mechanism.

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:
The properties of computer based medical documentation are shown in a survey. The state of hospital information systems in Czech hospitals and some their insufficient functions are discucces.

Autors: Ing. Radek Papp
Abstract:
In the paper the implementation of hospitalinformation system AMI-H is described and first experience is presented. The high attentionis devoted to principal changes in manipulation with health documentation.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; Růžena Augustinová
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Nataša Raevová
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Josef Svatoš, CSc.
Abstract:
In the second part of the article evocated biosignals and classification of stimuls are described. Futher methods for preprocessing and digitalization of biosignals are presented.

Autors: Tomáš Půža; Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:
A model description (equations, block diagram, simulation diagram) after a brief physiological introduction is introduced. The model simulation runs in SIMULINK, a MATLAB superstructure. Simulation results and model parameters survey are introduced in the end of our work. The model is a part of an educational simulation system created for teaching the subject Biocybernetics on the Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.
Abstract:
The article describes importance of standardization in medical informatics. Activity and arrangement of important organization, working in standardization process in described details. Activities of working groups of technical committee for medical informatics CEN/TC251 are described as well.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: V. A.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Vladimír Eck, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: P. Kasík
Abstract:

Autors: Carl D. Murray; Annaraoid de Paor
Abstract:
The Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) equations for the electrical behaviour of excitable tissue membrane are simulated anew and subjected to experiments suggested by applications in medical rehabilitation. The system order is reduced frou four to three by noting that two state variables move together. One of the HH equations is then replaced by a Fermi-Dirac (FD) distribution nonlinearity with input supplied by a state-dependent controller. Finally, the system order is reduced to two by generating the remaining HH variable by another FD characteristic supplied by a P controller. At each stage of reduction and modification the original set of experiments is repeated.

Autors: Doc. Ing. Josef Svatoš, CSc.
Abstract:
In the article the biosignals in detail are classified from various sides of view. The results for native biosignals are presented in lucid tables. The concrete examples are chosen from various clinical branches with goal of showing use of biosignals in present medicine.

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Ivan Dylevský, DrSc.; Dr. Ing. Monika Chalupová
Abstract:
In our department it was realized the optical moire method allows reconstruction of the three dimensional surface shape. Our introductory study of the cranial base shape demonstrated a still unpublished tendency, named as the sinistroscoliosis of the cranial base manifested particularly as a deflection of the splanchnocranium left of the neurocranium axis. The shape of the condyli occipitales in male skulls, tendencies were observed, indicating that the right joint tuber has a larger surface area than the left one and that the angle between the axis of this condyle and neurocranium axis is smaller.

Autors: Ing. Petr Hanzlíček, Ph.D.; Karel Zvára
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: MUDr. Václav Roček; Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Markéta Schätzová
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:
The paper describes different views on medical informatics discipline and its rather different development in Europe and USA. It deals with telematics and telemedicine in more details and reflects their influence on medical information systems, education and training.

Autors: MUDr. Petr Kocna, CSc.
Abstract:
The paper deals with images in medical documentation. The program GastroBase is described that primary serves for documentation in gastroenterology ambulance and endoscopic workplaces. The last version of the program GastroBase makes possible to include also image documentation.

Autors: Doc. MUDr. Jiří Obenberger, CSc.; Doc. MUDr. Zdeněk Seidl, CSc.
Abstract:
Computer technology reached the level, when the classical X-ray film can be changed to digital version. Its advantages can be seen in PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication System) environment. The necessity of orientation for such systems is analyzed. The definition of PACS and the overall scheme is given in detail. Five computer subsystems form an infrastructure of one such a model (radiologic imaging system, study acquistion computers, cluster controllers, database servers, display workstations). Need for sophisticated network connection of the system has been stressed. Standardization, open architecture, connectivity and reliability are important attributes of functionality of such a system.

Autors: RNDr. Eva Ettlerová
Abstract:
The article describes the most important features of the computer network Internet. Various information services such E-mail, Listserv, Gopher, FTP and World Wide Web. An Internet contribution to medical education, research contacts, and information exchange is particularly emphasized.

Autors: Ing. Stanislav Smitka
Abstract:
The paper describes Internet as medium for exchange and sharing of information with respect to usage in medicine. Internet is understood as network of many interconnected networks, which gives a huge amount of services and information to users provided by users. The paper describes in more details following Internet services with examples of their usage: basis: e-mail, FTP, telnet services for direct access to informations: World Wide Web, Gopher conference services: ListServ, Usenet News searching services: WWW searching engines

Autors: MUDr. Ing. Jan Vejvalka
Abstract:
The rapid development of biomedical technologies implies new demands on the ways health professionals use scientific etc. information. At the same time, development of information technologies yields new possibilities to handle this kind information. New tools for information access are being developed, and their development is much more rapid than it is possible to implement them within hospital information systems. Their implementation within HIS is also complicated by various problems, often principial.
The aim of the paper is to provide the authors and (future) users of information systems in healthcare institutions with an overview of the variety of types of information sources that may be required to support clinical work, and of some basic ways of their implementation.

Autors: Prof. MUDr. Štěpán Svačina, DrSc.
Abstract:
Experiences with hospital information system operation in the 3rd medical clinic were acquired in the daily practice and also in the process of information system choosing summarized in the seminars of the Czech Society of Health Care Informatics. Information systems developed in the Czech Republic do not exactly meet the requirements of Czech hospitals. The most important factor is the ability of the seller to adapt the system. The system should be complex and constructed in one database system. It is also necessary to realize special university studies for health administrators and managers in Czech Republic.

Autors: MUDr. Jan Burian
Abstract:
The paper describes experience with implementation of the hospital information system (HIS) in the Faculty maternity home in Brno. It shows, that only computers and computer network are part of the hospital information system requirements. Also the choice of suitable strategic partner, that will assure not only implementation, but also long-termed development of HIS is required. Also further innovation, including their financial assurance has to be considered.

Autors: Ing. Miroslav Zámečník
Abstract:
The paper gives an overview of computer companies that are developing and selling hospital information systems in the Czech Republic. It provides information about several hospitals that are developing information systems according to their needs and about laboratory information systems.

Autors: Mgr. Martin Štefek; D. Švejda; Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.; MUDr. Marie Tomečková, CSc.
Abstract:
In epidemiological research the calculation of appropriate measures of disease frequency is the basis for a comparison of populations and, therefore, the identification of disease determinants. Two frequencies being compared can be combined into a single summary parameter that estimates the association by calculation either the ratio of the measures of disease frequency for two populations which indicates how much likely one population is to develop a disease than another, or the difference between the frequencies which indicates how much greater the frequency of a disease is i none population compared with the other. In epidemiology we often need to compute measures of disease frequency mentioned above . We can do that by means of complex statistical software, but sometimes it is not easy or possible to use these software for an analysis of epidemiological data.
At the EuroMISE Center of Charles University and Academy of Sciences in frame of the research supported from grant COPERNICUS JRP-10053 the E.T. program (Epidemiology tools) was developed. This program can be used for practical analysis of data from retrospective (case-control) studies or prospective (cohort) studies and for the standardization. However, the program can be also useful teaching tool in the epidemiology courses.

Autors: MUDr. Jan Peleška, CSc.; D. Švejda; Prof. RNDr. Jana Zvárová, DrSc.
Abstract:
The PC program called HYPERTENZE supporting decision making in therapy of arterial hypertension is described. The program consists of three modules - the consultation module, which guides the user through the therapy process to deciding which dosage of particular drug will be the right one, the database module, which takes care of the database of all relevant drugs for hypertension treatment sorted by cost per day, and the module which performs simple analysis of cardiovascular risk from gender, smoking habits, age, systolic blood pressure and amount of cholesterol

Autors: M. Šofr
Abstract:
The article includes ways of the selection of the hearing aid to patient by analysator or computer program for specific hearing loss. The selection of the hearing aid by computer program is possible to practice by methods 1/2 gain, Berger and POGO. The article prefers the selection of the hearing aid by computer program to the selection of the hearing aid by analysator.

Autors: Ing. Dagmar Zieglerová
Abstract:

Autors: Mgr. Jiřina Jirásková
Abstract:

Autors: M. Maroušková
Abstract:

Autors: Ing. Milan Řehák
Abstract:

Autors: MUDr. Dan Wichterle
Abstract:

Autors: Doc. Ing. Štefan Neuschl, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract:

Autors: Prof. Ing. Václav Hušák, CSc.
Abstract: